The excavations at Jenne-jeno and the surrounding area clearly show an indigenous growth of trade and social complexity between 250 BC and 1000 AD. These findings are significant because

2. The excavations at Jenne-jeno and the surrounding area clearly show an indigenous growth of trade and social complexity between 250 BC and 1000 AD. These findings are significant because ___________________.

Group of answer choices

1. Prior to these excavations, the power of Jenne-jeno was widely thought to have relied on its connection to centers of gold production located in the tropical rainforests of coastal West Africa.
2. prior to these excavations, it was widely believed that towns like Jenne-jeno emerged as a result of connections to the trans-Atlantic slave trade.
3. Prior to these excavations, conventional wisdom saw centers such as Jenne-jeno as the result of direct influence of North African and Arab traders who needed outposts from which to exploit trading possibilities far from home.
4. all of the above

3. In “Shades of Urbanism(s) and Urbanity in Precolonial Africa,” Shadreck Chirikure advocates for _____________________.

Group of answer choices

1. the use of local philosophies, concepts, and cosmologies for interpreting the variety of types of urbanism in Africa.
2. the application of a common set of traits – literacy, population density, monumental architecture, etc. – for determining the existence of cities in precolonial Africa.
3. the inclusion of sub-Saharan African cities in the list of Wonders of the Ancient World
4. None of the above

5. The fact that objects of memory no longer turn up in graves in the Upemba Depression after around the 16th century suggests _____________________.

Group of answer choices

1. that invading Lunda armies ransacked Luba graves in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
2. that these objects had become more important to the living than to the dead because their manipulation was central to the ability of Luba kings and chiefs to rule.
3. a decrease in the significance Luba communities attached to historical memory following the emergence of the Luba kingdom.
4. all of the above

6. Communities in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa have used Ajami to record aspects of their daily lives since around the 10th century. Ajami is _______________.

Group of answer choices

1. a method for memorizing oral traditons
2. a way of using objects from the past to record history
3. a system of writing derived from Arabic that people of West Africa adapted to local languages
4. all of the above

7. Beginning in the thirteenth century, some West African merchants adopted Islam as a result of their contact with Berber traders from North Africa. Islam offered the following clear advantages to West African merchants:

Group of answer choices

1. Islam was the religion of their trading partners from the north
2. Islam brought the invaluable technique of literacy
3. The Muslim Caliphs of Egypt provided soldiers to protect West African merhcants
4. A and B
5. None of the above

9. Mansa Musa’s time in Alexandria, Egypt during his hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca brought him to the attention of merchants from Venice. This is significant because ____________.

Group of answer choices

1. these merchants eventually escorted Mansa Musa on a trip to Italy to meet the Pope.
2. the stories that these Venetian merchants reported about the great wealth of this Muslim African king fueled a growing European interest in the wealth of sub-Saharan Africa.
3. these merchants accompanied Mansa Musa on his return to Mali and established the groundwork for subsequent European encroachment in the region
4. all of the above

10. Brazil and the Caribbean were the primary consumers of slaves during the Atlantic Slave Trade, receiving roughly 80% of the total exports of human cargo.

Group of answer choices

1. True
2. False

11. The rise in prices that Europeans paid for slaves on the African coast during the 18th century had which of the following effects?

Group of answer choices

1. The gradual movement of the slaving frontier further into the interior of West and West-Central Africa
2. The rise of new kingdoms and empires in the hinterlands that earned their revenues from the slave trade.
3. A and B
4. None of the above

12. The nature of the slave trade in the Bight of Benin changed dramatically with Dahomey’s conquest of the coast during the reign of King Agaja because _________________.

Group of answer choices

1. Whereas Whydah had been a mercantile kingdom where the slave trade was conducted by private African merchants who paid customs and taxes to the king, Dahomey was a militarized kingdom that produced captives from its own wars.
2. King Agaja closed the trade routes to private African traders, making the slave trade a royal monopoly that was totally under his control.
3. the elites of Dahomey had a greater desire for the cloth offered by Europeans in exchange for slaves than had the elites of Whyah.
4. A and B
5. A, B, and C

13. Bobangi controlled the key portion of the middle Congo River and used their networks to exercise control of trade, including the transport of slaves. Most of the traders living in the Bobangi trading towns in the middle Congo region had begun their careers as captives.

Group of answer choices

1. True
2. False

14. Because of the bizarre ways in which European slavers determined the health of newly enslaved Africans, such as licking their faces, and the fact that slaves taken to European forts were never seen again, many enslaved Africans ______________.

Group of answer choices

1. came to believe that licking faces brought them supernatural power
2. attempted to lick the faces of European slavers in order to reverse the curse of slavery
3. thought they were being taken on board ships to be eaten
4. A and B

 

16. During the second half of the 19th century, enslaved East Africans at the coast resisted their slave status by:

1. joining a caravan without permission from their master
2. earning money through craftsmanship or other labor and then withholding the profits from their master
3. working to achieve a coastal citizenship by adopting the practices of Islam
4. all of the above

 

17. In the 19th century, more and more outsiders on the Swahili coast of East Africa sought to gain access to Islamic institutions and to become Muslims as a means of challenging the authority of Swahili elites. While elites on the coast retained firm control of urban religious institutions (neighborhood mosques and their attendant Koranic classes where local children were educated), outsiders worked around this by
18. attacking mosques and schools frequented by Swahili elites.
19. becoming practitioners of Sufism (Islamic mysticism), which provided newcomers to Islam with alternative religious institutions and more egalitarian rituals of worship.
20. seeking to make connections with fellow practitioners of Islam in West Africa
21. all of the above
22. In the excerpt from her book Pastimes and Politics, Laura Fair examines fashion and dress in 19th-century East Africa in order to demonstrate the ways in which _______________.
23. American manufacturers came to dominate the market for clothing in East Africa
24. Europeans copied and assimilated manufacturing processes indigenous to East Africa
25. clothing served as an important signifier of class and status differences.
26. all of the above

 

19. East African consumer demand in the 19th century drew economies around the world into dynamic relations with African consumers. In the case of Salem, Massachusetts, East African consumer demand was important because

1. East African demand for American cloth led in part to the opening of the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company – the first fully steam-powered textile mill in the United States and the largest mill in North America – in Salem in 1847.
2. Salem’s most important industries were all linked to East Africa.
3. returns from the East African trade in part allowed Salem to remain a viable commercial center despite its crippling lack of competitive port facilities.
4. profits derived from trade with East Africa allowed for Salem’s transition from mercantile capitalism to industrialization.
5. all of the above

 

20. In the second half of the 19th century, European missionaries who were active in the antislavery movement in Europe began advocating for the salvation and regeneration of Africa through the three Cs. What were the three Cs?

Group of answer choices

1. Commerce, Christianity, and Civilization
2. Capitalism, Catholicism, and Community
3. Court, Colonialism, and Christianity
4. The Cairo-Cape Town Connection railway

 

21. The shift from the slave trade to legitimate trade in the 19th century ____________.

Group of answer choices

1. facilitated the spread of Islam in Africa
2. led to medical advances in Europe
3. resulted in increased rates of domestic enslavement in Africa
4. fostered industrialization in Africa

 

22. Samuel Ajayi Crowther was _____________.

Group of answer choices

1. a Yoruba boy who was captured, enslaved, and then recaptured by a British cruiser and landed in Sierra Leone
2. one of the first students at Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone
3. the first African bishop of the Anglican church
4. all of the above

 

23. One of the key goals of colonialism from the perspective of European colonial powers was _____________________.

Group of answer choices

1. to provide start-up capital for Africans to create manufacturing hubs on the continent
2. create the conditions for an industrial revolution in Africa
3. to control the economic output of Africa to ensure maximum benefit for the colonial powers.
4. All of the above

24. One of the primary goals for European powers in settler colonies was to ensure the economic success of the settlers by creating favorable market conditions and supplying them with cheap African labor. Colonial administrations sought to achieve this goal by ________________.

Group of answer choices

1. imposing taxes on Africans to force them to earn cash
2. giving white settlers a monopoly on the most profitable crops
3. encouraging African chiefs to establish businesses with white settlers.
4. A and B
5. All of the above

25. he concept of ___________ , as outlined by Frederick Lugard, was at the heart of British colonial policy during the interwar period.

Group of answer choices

1. the civilizing mission
2. the white man’s burden
3. the dual mandate
4. none of the above

 

26. In France’s colonies in Africa, évolués were __________________

1. the children of French men and African women
2. Africans who were granted French citizenship as a reward for their cultural assimilation
3. Africans who managed to achieve the position of Governor-General
4. None of the above

 

 

27. Teaching converts to read and write in English or French was considered the core purpose of mission schools in colonial Africa. For African converts who attended these schools, the ability to read and write opened new worlds and new possibilities because

 

1. mission-educated Africans received the same privileges as European settlers in African colonies
2. mission-educated Africans had privileged access to the colonial state and could work in colonial offices, read its laws, and write letters of protest.
3. A and B
4. None of the above

 

28. African catechists and evangelists were instrumental in spreading Christianity within African communities.

Group of answer choices

1. True
2. False

 

29. The Zion Church in South Africa is an example of _________________.

1. the ways in which Africans sought to modify and adapt Christianity to local conditions and concerns
2. the ways in which African elite embraced the orthodox version of Christianity
3. an African Independent Church
4. A and C
5. None of the above

 

31. The manner in which farmers in southern Ghana (Gold Coast Colony) embraced the cocoa industry in the early twentieth century illustrates how __________________.

Group of answer choices

1. Africans sometimes turned to cash crop production free from pressure from the colonial state and African political authorities
2. arguments about labor in African communities during the colonial period often hinged on gender and marriage
3. colonial officials sought to promote the efforts of African women to undermine patriarchal authorities
4. A and B
5. A, B, and C

 

32. The “second colonial occupation” refers to ________________.

1. the period after WW II that witnessed increased intervention on the part of the colonial state and an emphasis on “development.”
2. the efforts of European colonial powers to open up new areas for trade, production, and investment in Africa following World War II.
3. the period after World War II when new colonial powers – the United States and the USSR – sought to establish colonies in Africa
4. A and B
5. None of the above

 

33. World War II exposed the hypocrisy of colonizing ideologies because

1. European colonial powers refused to allow African soldiers to fight on their behalf
2. it prompted Africans who contributed to the war effort to question why the fight for self-determination applied to recent conquests in Europe but not older conquests in Africa
3. It prompted Africans to question why the fight against the racist ideologies promoted by Hitler didn’t also apply to the racist ideologies at the heart of European colonial policy and thinking.
4. B and C
5. A, B, and C

 

34. Whereas French officials believed that the slow admission of Africans into the category of citizen and the notion of a “Greater France” would preserve the unity of the French empire in Africa following World War II, the British pursued an almost opposite strategy after the war by _______________________.

Group of answer choices

1. abandoning the concept of indirect rule in favor of local and regional councils that included educated Africans.
2. allowing African political leaders to set a timeline for indepenence
3. A and B
4. none of the above

 

35. The thousands of Kikuyu people who left their homes for the forests in central Kenya to join the Mau Mau rebellion consisted of __________________.

Group of answer choices

1. squatters who had been expelled from land owned by white settlers and then found that their ancestral farmland in the Kikuyu reserves had been taken over by wealthy Kikuyu farmers
2. young men and women who had grievances against the colonial state and the white settlers.
3. poor Kikuyu who had flocked to the city of Nairobi in an effort to survive by doing odd jobs
4. B and C
5. A, B, and C

36. The leaders of those who fought against the British and wealthy Kikuyu landholders in the Mau Mau rebellion took control of the state when Kenya achieved independence in 1963.

1. True
2. False

37. In 1958, Charles de Gaulle – the newly installed French president – offered each African territory a choice in a referendum between autonomy within the French Union or immediate and absolute independence. Only Guinea voted for immediate independence.

1. True
2. False

 

38. In the early 1950s, political leaders in French colonies in West Africa like Leopold Senghor and Felix Houphouet-Boigny ___________________.

Group of answer choices

1. called for violent uprisings against French colonizers
2. advocated for outright independence from France
3. tried to turn French citizenship into something meaningful and useful to their constituents, rather than to claim another sort of sovereignty.
4. all of the above

 

39. In “Kwame Nkrumah and the Quest for Independence,” Adom Getachew argues that Nkrumah promoted his vision of a federation of African states as part of an effort to _________________.

Group of answer choices

1. decrease the sovereignty of newly independent African nations
2. cut ties between Africa and the United States
3. overcome colonial dependence by constituting a larger regional market and regional economic integration.
4. all of the above

 

40. For a variety of reasons, the colonial in the southern third of Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa) achieved independence a decade earlier than colonies in the rest of sub-Saharan Africa

Group of answer choices

1. True
2. False