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LING120C

 

PART I

 

Assume (i)-(iv):

  • ©, ®, © and (5 are all the entities in situation

 

  • The following statements provide some additional facts about s1:
    1. © hates © and (5; and © doesn’t hate anyone
    2. © likes (5.
    3. ©, ® and © are

 

  • ‘Student’ and ‘Clever’ are one-place ‘Likes’ and ‘Hates’ are two-place predicates.

 

  • Lexicon L is the lexicon of English (you have some information about it in class handouts). Some information about lexicons K and N is given in (A) and (B).

 

  • Lexicon K

{<Agatha, {<s1, ©>, …}>,

<Mary, {<s1, ®>, …}>,

<Karl, {<s1, ©>, …}>,

<Seth, {<s1, (5>, …}>,

<Clever, {<s1, {z: z is clever in s1}>, …}>,

<Student, {<s1, {z: z is a student in s1}>, …}>,

<Likes, {<s1, {<x, Y>: Y is the set of entities who like x in s1}>, …}>,

<Hates, {<s1, {<x, Y>: Y is the set of entities who hate x in s1}>, …}>, …}

 

  • Lexicon N

{<Agatha, {<s1, ©>, …}>,

<Mary, {<s1, ©>, …}>,

<Karl, {<s1, ®>, …}>,

<Seth, {<s1, (5>, …}>,

<Clever, {<s1, {z: z is French in s1}>, …}>,

<Student, {<s1, {z: z is a professor in s1}>, …}>,

<Likes, {<s1, {<x, Y>: Y is the set of entities who like x in s1}>, …}>,

<Hates, {<s1, {<x, Y>: Y is the set of entities who hate x in s1}>, …}>, …}

 

For each of the claims in (1)-(7), state whether it is:

  • true,
  • false, or
  • impossible to

 

Provide a concise explanation for your answer in each case.

 

  • K(Student) = N(Student).

 

  • K(Likes) = N(Hates).

 

  • ‘Student(Agatha)’ and ‘Hates(Agatha)(Seth)’ are both true with respect to K and

 

  • ‘Student(Agatha)’ and ‘Hates(Agatha)(Seth)’ are both false with respect to N and

 

  • ‘Clever(Agatha)’ and ‘Hates(Seth)’ are both true with respect to K and

 

  • ‘Clever(Agatha)’ and ‘Hates(Seth)(Agatha)’ are both false with respect to

 

  • K L.

 

PART II

 

Select a paragraph from some article in a newspaper/magazine (attach a copy of that paragraph). Then:

 

  • Provide two examples of a sentence (from that paragraph) that has a presupposition. Specify what the presupposition is in each case, and explain why it is not just an entailment and why it is not an implicature.

 

  • Provide two examples of a sentence (from that paragraph) that has an implicature. Specify what the implicature is in each case, and explain why it is neither an entailment nor a

 

The article can be in English, but it does not have to be (this is entirely up to you). If the article is not in English, you should still attach a copy of the paragraph, but the examples you provide for

(i) and (ii) should come with a word-by-word translation (gloss) and an English sentence that conveys the meaning, as illustrated below for a Hebrew sentence.

 

Dan     ra’a      xatul Dan saw            cat ‘Dan saw a cat’

 

 

PART III

Prove that (a) and (b) have the same interpretation relative to any lexicon and any situation.

 

  • (Tall ⊓ Strong)(Betty)
  • (Tall(Betty) & Strong(Betty))

 

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