is to write Challenges to Interventions E-Cigarattes and Vaping 1-2 pages PLease I also want you to write down where you search for the articles

E-Cigarattes and Vaping
Matt
In 2003, the first e-cigarette was introduced into the market and was advertised as a healthy
alternative for individuals who were dependent on traditional cigarettes. Fast forward into 2022,
trends show an alarming increase in the number of college students who are using e-cigarettes. In
research conducted by the National Institue of Health for its “Montioring the Future” report,
found that from 2017 to 2019 there was an increase of 22% of college students who reported
smoking an electronic ciggatre in the past month. This increase is among the largest increase for
any substance across the report’s 45 year history (National Institutes of Health, 2020).
One key contributing factor to college students use of e-cigarettes is the current knowledge
gap that exists with the relatively new addictive behavior. Many students report not fully
understanding how these devices work, partly due to the vast discrepancies in how each device
works and the various advertising used to target specific populations such as college students
(Hefner et al., 2019). When there are college students who never had used tobacco cigarettes
before and are adopting the use of e-cigarettes for their own pleasure, this has an overall negative
effect because they are creating a new dependency on e-cigarettes whereas if they had never
begun the use of them, it would not have been an issue. The use of e-cigarettes has evolved over
the years, and with that comes a change in its stigma. Back in 2003, there were only a handful of
available products offered in e-cigarette form, however today there are thousands of different
types of e-cigarettes and many different avenues to obtain these harmful products, from
convenient stores to smoke shops, the access is there for college students.
While the use of e-cigarettes still in its infancy, one of the worst parts is the long-term effect
of this behavior is still unclear. Through reading published scholarly articles, hearing from
doctors and health care specialists, one thing it clear: introducing any vapor containing chemicals
into the human lungs will have negative effects. There is already evidence on specific chemical
compounds used in certain e-cigarettes that has been proven to have negative effects on the
human body (Ogunwale, Mumiye A., et al. 2017). Studies of compounds in the aerosols used in
e-cigarettes have found aldehydes including “acrolein, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde was
related to the battery power output of the e-cigarette device and thermal decomposition of
humectants and flavoring chemicals in e-liquids” (Ogunwale, Mumiye A., et al. 2017). Any time
an individual introduces these types of chemicals into their body, it requires an immune response
the body must work to fight off. The human body was not designed to ingest any types of
chemicals, specifically into the lungs, where formaldehydes may cause irreversible damage. By
heating up these chemicals, it has also been shown that it can cause heavy metals to be
introduced into the lungs, which the body must then work to try and remove and reverse the
effects it can cause.
Sabrina
E-cigarettes are evidently having a negative impact on youth. While teenagers and young
adults may enjoy the sensation E-cigarettes provide them, smoking as an adolescent can harm the
developing brain, in which individuals continue developing until the age of 25. (CDC, 2022).
Smoking can cause harm to parts of the brain that function to control attention, mood, learning
and impulse control (CDC, 2022). This impact can further lead to poor academic performance
and or poor decision making.
It’s important to understand that aerosol, what the individual breathes in and out of the
E-cigarettes, contains chemicals that affect the physical health of an individual. These chemicals
consist of, but are not limited to, nicotine and lead (Tzortzi et al, 2020). Some E-cigarette
products are labeled as having 0% nicotine, when in fact, this is not true. The flavoring of
nicotine, called diacetyl, is a chemical that is linked to serious lung disease. Lung disease can
lead to respiratory issues, lung cancer and overall difficulty breathing (CDC, 2022).
Not only do E-cigarettes have a physical impact on individuals’ health, but their mental health
as well. Many times, when asked how an individual started smoking, they respond that a friend
used it and they were eager to try: it was portrayed as the “cool thing to do,” (CDC, 2022). When
any individual who uses e-cigarettes for an extended period and then decides to quit, they can
experience nicotine withdrawal. Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal include but are not limited to,
irritability, anxiety and depression. These unfortunate symptoms can lead to the opposite of what
the individual is trying to accomplish, leading them to resort to nicotine because they are anxious
and depressed, leaving them dependent on the product (Tzortzi et al, 2020).
The overall most common reason why the youth resort to using E-cigarette products is because
of stress, yet another factor that contributes to poor mental health. (CDC, 2022). The continuous
cycle of stress and dependence on the e-cigarette product is only deterring the youth from proper
development, which is why there needs to be a change in the youth community.
Hygina
The use of electronic cigarettes by youth has been rising exponentially. In 2018, the U.S
Surgeon General announced that electronic cigarettes were an epidemic, yet that did nothing to
curtail its use (Chu, 2021b). From 2018 to 2019, e-cigarette use among youth increased from 3.8
million to 5 million (CHU, 2021b). For this reason, it is crucial to develop interventions that will
diminish the use of e-cigarettes by youth.
One of the most effective ways to decrease the use of e-cigarettes by youth is to utilize student
peer leaders. Student leaders can be recruited and extensively trained by health education experts
to share the information with their peers. According to research, youth are more likely to accept
e-cigarette prevention education from their peers than authority figures (Chu, 2021a). Some of
the most common reasons for e-cigarette use among youth are due to peer pressure, and to
emulate the actions of their friends (Kong, 2021). A trial which utilized trained student leaders
found that the students were more likely to listen to the instruction given by their peers. The
students enjoyed the exchange of information between them and their peer leaders and reported
that they were open to encouraging other students to join the program (Chu, 2021a). Thus, peer
leaders are the logical choice to influence behavioral change.
Another intervention that can be used to disrupt the e-cigarette epidemic is the incorporation
of educational media campaigns. In 2018 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) initiated a
youth e-cigarette prevention campaign called The Real Cost. The campaign was created with the
intention to educate adolescents on the health consequences that may result from using
e-cigarettes (Dai, 2020). The campaign targets youth through television ads, online video ads,
social media, posters, etc. To ensure that the information is effectively disseminated throughout
the target population, the FDA conducts focus groups and surveys throughout the country.
Interventions such as these can be used to target adolescence and aid in the eradication of
e-cigarette use. Meticulous planning of these interventions can ensure that today’s adolescents do
not become “the new generation of nicotine addicted persons” (Chu, 2021b).
Challenges to Interventions (Reshma)
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, October 6). Quick facts on the risks of
e-cigarettes for kids, teens, and young adults. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Retrieved October 18, 2022, from
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/Quick-Facts-on-the-Risks-of
-E-cigarettes-for-Kids-Teens-and-Young-Adults.html
Chu, K.-H., Sidani, J., Matheny, S., Rothenberger, S. D., Miller, E., Valente, T., &
Robertson, L. (2021a). Implementation of a cluster randomized controlled trial:
Identifying student peer leaders to lead E-cigarette interventions. Addictive
Behaviors, 114.
https://doi-org.umasslowell.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106726
Chu, K.-H., Matheny, S., Furek, A., Sidani, J., Radio, S., Miller, E., Valente, T., &
Robertson, L. (2021b). Identifying student opinion leaders to lead e-cigarette
interventions: protocol for a randomized controlled pragmatic trial. Trials, 22(1).
https://doi-org.umasslowell.idm.oclc.org/10.1186/s13063-020-04990-z
Dai, H., & Siahpush, M. (2020). Use of E-Cigarettes for Nicotine, Marijuana, and Just
Flavoring Among U.S. Youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 58(2),
244–249. https://doi-org.umasslowell.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.09.006
Hefner, K. R., Sollazzo, A., Mullaney, S., Coker, K. L., & Sofuoglu, M. (2019).
E-cigarettes, alcohol use, and mental health: Use and perceptions of e-cigarettes
among college students, by alcohol use and mental health status. Addictive
Behaviors, 91, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.040
Kong, G., Bold, K. W., Cavallo, D. A., Davis, D. R., Jackson, A., & Krishnan-Sarin, S.
(2021). Informing the development of adolescent e-cigarette cessation
interventions: A qualitative study. Addictive Behaviors, 114.
https://doi-org.umasslowell.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106720
Ogunwale, M. A., Li, M., Ramakrishnam Raju, M. V., Chen, Y., Nantz, M. H., Conklin, D. J., &
Fu, X.-A. (2017). Aldehyde Detection in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. ACS Omega, 3,
1207–1214. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.6b00489
Tzortzi, A., Kapetanstrataki, M., Evangelopoulou, V., & Beghrakis, P. (2020, March 27). A
systematic literature review of e-cigarette-related illness and injury: Not just for the
respirologist. International journal of environmental research and public health. Retrieved
October 18, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177608/
Vaping, Marijuana Use in 2019 Rose in College-Age Adults. National Institutes of Health, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, 15 Sept. 2020,
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/vaping-marijuana-use-2019-rose-college
-age-adults.
Information for addendum/appendix
1. Where we searched for info:
● UML databases, advanced search (interventions)
2. Search terms used:
● Interventions, e-cigerette use, youth, adolescents (interventions)
● Health outcomes from E-Cigarette use (health outcomes)
● Mental health effects from vaping (health outcomes)
● Physical health effects from vaping (health outcomes)
● E-cigarettes chemicals (health outcomes)