Describe the pathophysiologic alterations that lead to vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain.

• Describe the pathophysiologic alterations that lead to vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain.
• Describe parietal pain, visceral pain, and referred pain.
• Discuss the clinical manifestations and physiologic response to acute gastrointestinal bleeding.
• Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of select disorders of motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Identify the causes and clinical manifestations of a gastrointestinal obstruction.
• Describe the pathophysiology of acute and chronic gastritis.
• Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of duodenal, gastric, and stress ulcers.
• Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease.
• Discuss the major complications of liver dysfunction: portal hypertension, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, jaundice, and hepatorenal syndrome.
• Discuss the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of alcoholic cirrhosis.
• Discuss the pathophysiology of viral hepatitis.
• Discuss the pathophysiology of cholelithiasis and cholecystitis.
• Describe the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of acute and chronic pancreatitis.
• Define obesity.
• Describe the mechanisms of food intake and energy balance and discuss how this control can be overridden.
• Discuss the pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment modalities for obesity.
• Identify the connection between obesity and inflammation.
• Differentiate between peripheral and visceral obesity.
• Discuss the causes and effects of obstruction in various locations within the urinary tract.
• Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment modalities for kidney stones.
• Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment modalities for urinary tract infections.
• Describe the pathophysiology of pyelonephritis.
• Describe prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes of acute kidney injury.
• Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment modalities for acute kidney injury.
• Discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment modalities for chronic renal failure.
• Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment modalities for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), prostate cancer, and breast cancer.