. Database function library: available to the host language for database calls; also known as an API.

Learning Goal: I’m working on a computer science discussion question and need an explanation and answer to help me learn.

Post 1 :-

1. Embedded commands: database commands are embedded in a general-purpose programming language.

2. Database function library: available to the host language for database calls; also known as an API.

3. A completely new, full-fledged programming language, such as Oracle PL/SQL or MS Transact SQL

Embedded SQL Methodology The main benefit of this method is that because the query text is part of the application source code, it can be checked for syntax errors and validated against the database schema during compilation. The software is considerably easier to follow because the queries are made visible in the source code (Nagy, C., & Cleve 2017). The inability to modify the query at runtime and the requirement that all query changes go through recompilation are the key downsides. Additionally, because the questions are predetermined, choosing program variables to store the answers to the searches is a straightforward process, simplifying application programming in general. The function call approach, on the other hand, is better suited for complicated applications where queries must be produced at runtime.

The Library of Function Calls Approach This technique gives more flexibility because queries can be produced at runtime if necessary. However, this leads to more complex programming since program variables that match the columns in the query result may not be known in advance. Because queries are given as statement strings within function calls, no checking can be done at compile time. All syntax checking and query validation must be done at runtime, and the programmer must check for and account for potential additional runtime mistakes inside the program code.

Both benefits and drawbacks

Approach using a database programming language Because the data types used in programming languages and databases are the same, this technique avoids the impedance mismatch issue. However, programmers now have to learn a new programming language in instead of using one they are already familiar with. Furthermore, whereas general-purpose programming languages are easily compatible with systems from several manufacturers, some database programming languages are vendor-specific.

Reference

Nagy, C., & Cleve, A. (2017, September). A static code smell detector for SQL queries embedded in Java code. In 2017 IEEE 17th International Working Conference on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM) (pp. 147-152). IEEE.

Post 2:- Embedded SQL is a low-level database interface that provides access to databases directly from applications and can be used in client, server, or thin-client applications. The embedded approach provides database access via a native API and does not require any client component (Patni et al., 2022). This is especially useful when they want to access a database from a server or a thin client. The embedded approach can be used from within a single application, and there is no need to distribute the application to different locations, clients, and servers. This is often useful if they have a system that needs to perform several functions to create or update data; for example, they need to optimize the system for performance and scalability. The embedded approach does not require client-side components like DLLs, ActiveX controls, or plug-ins (He et al., 2021).

The library of Function Calls (LFC) approach is an approach to implementing high-level languages that use stack-based, statically typed, and functional semantics. LFC is a functional language whose design principles are functional programming and data-oriented design. It enables functional programming by providing stack-based and procedural semantics in a single language (He et al., 2021). It enables declarative programming by providing functions such as data type and stack, and data flow. LFC, however, has no type of inferencing mechanism and also does not support recursion. It extends types with new data, functions, and type parameters to overcome this problem. Stack-based language and static type systems are implemented using new types and functions as data. It uses call by value as opposed to calling by reference as the primary means of data flow (Patni et al., 2022).

Database programming languages provide greater control over the processing of data. But this comes at the cost of higher development time and complex maintenance. Since they provide a high level of control over data, the maintenance cost is higher (Patni et al., 2022). Database Programming languages can access relational data and non-relational data in the same language, making them easy to use and allowing application developers to switch between applications quickly. SQL programs are easy to manage. The database designer can develop queries, views, triggers, stored procedures, and other data operations based on a well-designed structure. It is much easier to modify and debug programs. The code is easily manageable because there are no variables, loops, conditional statements, or subroutines. It is possible to execute database programs in batches and thus improve execution speed. The only problem they might face is that if the program is too slow, it might crash (He et al., 2021).

References

He, X., Rogers, J., Bater, J., Machanavajjhala, A., Wang, C., & Wang, X. (2021, June). Practical security and privacy for database systems. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data (pp. 2839-2845).

Patni, J. C., Sharma, H. K., Tomar, R., & Katal, A. (2022). Database Management System: An Evolutionary Approach. Chapman and Hall/CRC.

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